Cystitis (urinary tract infection): definition and causes
Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder most often caused by the bacterium Escherichia coli (E coli). Other bacteria (klebsiella, staphylococci), and in rare cases viruses, fungi or parasites, may also be involved. Pathogens pass from the intestine through the urethra to the bladder, causing inflammation of the bladder mucosa.
Women are more likely to develop cystitis due to the anatomical proximity of the anus to the urethra, and the shorter length of the latter. Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable, due to the increased sugar content of urine and the slowing of urine flow caused by pressure from the uterus. In men, infection more often affects the prostate (prostatitis), with germs migrating to the prostate before reaching the bladder.
Other factors can cause poor urine flow, and thus encourage infection:
- diabetes
- urinary calculi
- cold, stress, a weakened immune system
- excessive intimate hygiene with irritating products
- wiping from back to front after a bowel movement
- holding back when urgently needing to urinate
Recognizing the symptoms of cystitis
The symptoms of cystitis and their intensity vary from person to person. They are generally associated with :
- a burning or painful sensation during the evacuation of urine
- a frequent and sudden need to urinate, often in reduced quantities
- pain or discomfort in the pelvic region
- the presence of blood in the urine (hematuric cystitis)
- a strong odor emanating from the urine
If symptoms persist for more than 3 days, or if you have frequent urinary tract infections (more than 3 per year, or more than 2 in 6 months), consult your GP, who will refer you to a specialist if necessary, in order to receive appropriate treatment and prevent possible complications. One of these is pyeloneprhitis (kidney infection), and requires urgent consultation. Typical signs are fever, general malaise and intense pain in the lower abdomen, back and flanks.
How is cystitis (urinary tract infection) treated?
Cystitis is diagnosed by urine analysis. Treatment depends on the severity of symptoms and any associated risk factors:
Acute, uncomplicated cystitis in women: the doctor prescribes a short-term course of antibiotics. Supportive measures, such as proper hydration and anti-inflammatory medication, help relieve symptoms. Herbal teas with draining properties can be taken as a supplement.
Complicated or recurrent cystitis: in the presence of risk factors such as diabetes, pregnancy, anatomical abnormalities or recurrent infections, the doctor carries out a more thorough evaluation to determine the appropriate antibiotic treatment. The duration of treatment may be prolonged, and further investigations, such as urine culture or medical imaging, may be indicated to identify underlying causes. Complications may arise if the infection spreads to other organs.
Cystitis in men: urinary tract infections in men are often linked to underlying causes in the bladder or prostate. A urine culture is taken, and antibiotic treatment is usually indicated.
How can cystitis be prevented?
A number of preventive measures can help reduce the risk of developing cystitis:
- Drink enough fluids (at least 1.5 liters a day) to urinate more often, in order to eliminate bacteria from the urinary tract
- Take care of your personal hygiene and avoid irritating products
- Urinate whenever you feel the need, making sure to empty your bladder completely
- Remember to urinate after sexual intercourse too, to help eliminate bacteria introduced into the urethra.
What is interstitial cystitis?
Interstitial cystitis, also known as painful bladder syndrome, is a chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the bladder without apparent bacterial infection. Unlike classic cystitis, it is not caused by germs, and antibiotics are ineffective.
Should I avoid sexual relations if I have cystitis?
Sexual relations are not formally contraindicated in cases of cystitis, but they may be inadvisable in cases of pain and discomfort in the pelvic region. Rubbing and pressure on the bladder can also intensify inflammation and slow healing. During sexual intercourse, bacteria can spread to the urethra, worsening the infection.
To remember
Cystitis is a common urinary infection, particularly affecting women. It causes burning on urination, increased urinary frequency and pain in the lower abdomen. Early treatment, particularly in the case of recurrent cystitis, and appropriate antibiotic therapy, generally enable a rapid recovery from the infection.